U.s. Health Care System With Japan - 1088 Words

Comparison of the U.S. Health Care System with Japan Introduction Healthcare is a major sector in any country since it determines the health condition of the population. In most countries, the government is charged with the responsibility of safeguarding the well-being of its citizens. In the U.S., for instance, the Liberals believe that it is the obligation of the government to provide people with good health services, whereas the Conservatives prefer them to be privatized (Blahous, 2015). The focus of this study is to compare the healthcare status of the United States of America to that of Japan. The choice of Japan was majorly determined by its economic power, given that it is a developed nation with a tiger economy. Additionally, just†¦show more content†¦Life expectancy at birth recorded at 83.2 and mortality rates are high among the aged due to cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2014). Other risks to health include tobacco smoking and alcoholism. Obesity appears a mong the aged at 3.6% (OECD, 2014). In comparison, it is evident that life expectancy in Japan is higher than in the U.S. and the same applies to child mortality where Japan records lower infant deaths. Apparently, the United States spends a lot of funds to cater for the health of a single person, thus spending much of its GDP on healthcare as compared to Japan. Evidently, Americans are more prone to lifestyle diseases such as obesity, which happens to be common among young people as well as the older generation. Healthcare Financing In the US, a portion of medical services is taken care of by employers as well as by individuals. Moreover, the government has developed programs such as Medicare that cater for both disabled and elderly supported by federal funds (Blahous, 2015). Further, the state and federal funds help support Medicaid that caters for individuals with low income. The Affordable Care Act declares that individuals should not be denied health cover due to their pre-existing health conditions (Elhauge, 2015). It also forbids the insurance companies from dropping people with the

Exm 2557 Submit Essay - 11649 Words

National Institute of Business Management Chennai - 020 EMBA/ MBA Elective: Airline and Airport Management (Part -1) Attend any 4 questions. Each question carries 25 marks (Each answer should be of minimum 2 pages / of 300 words) 1. Airline management practice has evolved significantly over the past three decades. The development of this practice has contributed to recent advances in computation and communication technologies and, more importantly, the need to reduce costs and increase revenues. Explain. 2. The Total Airport Management System (TAMS) is an integrated airport management system which supports the business goals of providing an efficient, cost effective operation as it is the nucleus on the Multimedia Super Corridor†¦show more content†¦Number of circuits and approaches are used for aeronautical billing and statistical purposes. A major point to bear in mind with the way is that the airlines/handling agents are also being updated on estimates of arrival and departure. Therefore it has to be agreed by all the party’s concerned on who will be responsible for the updating the information. Airlines and handling agents know of new flight information and if both parties’ have the ability to create new flights then a minute difference in time can create two flights instead of the one. ATC information can be used to create mandatory statistics required by some Government agencies such as the National Air traffic Service (NATS) who use the information for planning purposes and in some case for airspace usage. ATC Billing Information entered in ICAO format and UTC and consists of the following information: - Aircraft Registration Point of Entry into Air Space Point of Departure of Air Space Airport Point of Departure and/or Landing Times at the Different Points of Entry or Departure Aircraft registration is entered so that the aircraft type and weight can be used in the calculation of the fee. Airport of origin/destination or point of entry and exit are used in the calculation of the fee. Times are entered if entry and exit time in the FIR forms part of the billing calculation. Airline/Handling Agents Information can be entered by

Profit and Loss Income Statement

Question: Discuss about theProfit and Loss for Income Statement. Answer: Introduction One of the renounced financial statements commonly used by the financial experts and most of the business organisation is the income statement commonly known as the profit and loss statement. The importance of the profit and loss statement is that it reveals the profit earned by the company during the certain period of time that may be a period of 12 months. On the other hand, Balance Sheet of any company reveals the status of the assets, liabilities as well as the capital structure of the company at a particular point of time. This particular assignment is based on the assessment of the changes in the balance sheet of the King Edward VII College of the years 2014 and 2015. On the basis of the information given in the balance sheet the performance of the college is to be measured and to highlight the areas of changes as well as the to highlight the increase in 10% criteria as well as to report on the financial position of the college. Analysis of Balance Sheet of King Edward VII College and University for the Year Ending 2015 2014 After going through the balance sheet it has been noticed that there are many changes from the last year 2014 to this current year 2015. As per the given situation in the assignment it is needed to identify where there is an increase at the rate of 10% from 2014 to 2015. By going through the balance sheet of King Edward VII College it has been analysed that the financial position of the college has improved in comparison to the last year. Following are the areas where there is an increase in 10% criteria in the items present in balance sheet of King Edward VII college and university:- Endowment asset investment has increased by 10%. It has been noticed that the endowment asset investment is 162597 for the year 2014 where as it has increased to 179373 in 2015. (179373 - 162597 = 16776/162597*100 = 10.3%) Debtors have also increased by more than 10%. It has been identified that debtors are 78212 in the year 2014 where as it has increased to 89729 in the year 2015. It has been increased by roughly 14.73% in the year 2015. (89729 - 78212 = 11517/78212*100 = 14.73%) The creditor to whom the college is bound to pay within a year has also been increased by more than 10%. It has been followed that the creditors falling under this category amounts to 193328 in the year 2014 by it has been increased to 221164 in the year 2015. (221164 - 193328 = 27836/193328*100 = 14.40%) The total assets of the college reduced by the current liabilities of the college have also been increased by more than 10%. It has been identified that the total asset reduced by the current liabilities is 1009150 in the year 2014 where as it has increased to 1238061 in the year 2015. (1238061 - 1009150 = 228911/1009150*100 = 22.7%) The endowments in the nature of restricted permanent have increased by slightly more than 10% in the year 2015. It has been followed that the endowments in the nature of restricted permanent was 138314 in the year 2014 where as it has been increased to 153044 in the year 2015. (153044 - 138314 = 14730/138314*100 = 10.95%) These are the above mentioned criteria where the increase in 10% criteria has been increased. Financial Performance Based on the Profit and Loss Statement The profit and loss statement shows the profit of the company at the particular point of time. As per the profit and loss statement of the King Edward College it has been seen that the college has received its fund from the various sources such as fees for tuition as the educational contacts, endowment and investment earnings, some of the earnings has been generated from the operating incomes which has considerably been increased from the previous financial year 2013-14 to the current financial year 2014-15. The total income of the college has increased from 603,668 in the year 2013-14 to 684,225 in the year 2014-15. On the same way the expenditure has also been increased from 605,809 in the year 2013-15 to 640,449 in the year 2014-15. But the college has faced the loss of 2,141 in the year 2013-14 which the company turned into profit of 43,776 by providing the better service quality. The tax is not to be paid for the financial year 2013-14 the college faces a loss but it has t o be paid for the year 2014-15. Thus after all certain deductions the surplus generated by the college after depreciation and tax has also increased in the financial year 2014-15 which is really a good sign which shows that the financial position of the college is really improving. Identifying the Variances Higher than 10% After analysing the balance sheet it has been noticed that there are certain areas which has increased in comparison to the last financial year 2013-14 and the current financial year 2014-15. There are few areas which have been identified which meets the 10% criteria such as Endowment asset investment, Debtors, creditor followed by the total asset reduced by the current liabilities and endowment in nature of the restricted permanent. Comparison of the Performance It has been seen that the performance of the various campus of this college has been improved in the financial year 2014-15 in comparison to the last financial year 2013-14. This has been revealed in the income statement as well as the balance sheet of the college which gives a positive result about the company. By comparing the financial statements of the college it has been seen that the college has earned a profit in the current financial year in comparison to the precious year which is really a good sign. Recommended Solutions for the Expenditures Where the Variance is More It has been usually seen that the financial performance of the company has improved in comparison to the last year. But it has also been observed that there are certain expenditures which exceed the 10% criteria. The college should incur its expenditure in such a way that it should not be too high that in turn reduces the profit of the college. If the expenditure increases it is the fault of the management in utilizing the resources. Though the profit of the college has increased but the expense should be in its limit so that the college can incur more profit. Conclusion From the entire assignment it has been concluded that the financial performance of the college has improved but there are certain criteria where the expenditure has increased as a result of which the college has earned a profit but not as per the expectation. So it should be notified that in order to increase the profit the resources should be utilizes in such a way that the management can achieve the best out of it. Reference Bodie, Z. Merton, R. (2000)Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Fraser, L. Ormiston, A. (2001)Understanding financial statements. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Fridson, M. Alvarez, F. (2002)Financial statement analysis. New York: John Wiley Sons. Peterson Drake, P. Fabozzi, F. (2006)Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Robinson, T. (2009)International financial statement analysis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Ross, S. et al. (2005)Corporate finance. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Overview of the Skeletal free essay sample

The purpose of this exercise is to learn the skeletal systems and the components associated with the system. I will be exploring the major types of bones and cartilage. Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Handle the microscope and the slides with care; when taking the chicken bone out of the oven use caution because the bone is extremely hot. The Chemical Components of Bone Questions A. Describe the effect that the lemon juice (acid) had on the chicken leg bone. The Lemon juice caused the bone to change colors and soften B. Describe the effect that baking (heat) had on the chicken leg bone. The bone is really dry and brittle; I also noticed the color of the bone changed C. Rickets is a disease where the bones are not formed completely in children due to a lack of Vitamin D. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview of the Skeletal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Does the heated or acid-soaked bone represent a child with rickets? Explain why. The acid-soak bone represents a child with rickets, when the bones aren’t getting enough Vitamin D the bones softens and tend to bend. When the bones harden back up they stay in the shape it was bent when it was softened. Exercise 2: Microscopic Structure of Bone obseRvations Observe the structure of the Haversian system. Sketch what is seen and identify the following: central canal, lacunae, concentric lamellae, canaliculi and an osteocyte. See attached photo Questions A. Which part of the Haversian system was the hardest to see on the slide of compact bone? Why do you suppose this is? Osteocytes are the hardest part to see on the slide because they are so small. B. Which structures in the compact bone deliver nutrients to the osteocytes? Canaliculi deliver nutrients to osteocytes through haversian canal. C. Which structures are found inside the central canal? Cerebrospinal fluid; Spinal cord Exercise 3: Structure of a Long Bone obseRvations A. From step 4 in the procedures Observe the epiphysis. Identify as many of the following structures as possible: articular cartilage, compact bone, spongy bone and bone marrow. Make a sketch of the bone in the Lab Report and label the structures you identified. See Attached photo B. From step 5 in the procedures Observe the section of diaphysis. Identify as many of the following structures as possible: periosteum, compact bone, endosteum and bone marrow. Make a sketch of the diaphysis in the Lab Report and label the structures you identified. See Attached photo Questions A. How does the femur of the skeletal model compare to the diagrams in your textbook or this manual? The model and the diagrams match. The only difference is the sizes and the detail B. Using your chicken bone, how does the texture of articular cartilage (or hyaline cartilage) compare to that of periosteum? Note: Articular cartilage (made of hyaline cartilage) is found on the ends of the bones. It absorbs compression and allows for smooth movement. C. What is the function of spongy bone?

Gambling essays

Gambling essays Have you ever felt remorse after gambling? Has gambling affected your reputation? Do you often gamble until your last dollar is gone? Do you ever borrow to finance your gambling? After a win do you have a strong urge to return and win more? A compulsive gambler will often reply yes to most of these questions, but many simply wont admit the fact that they have a problem. Admitting that their behaviour is compulsive is like accepting defeat. Gamblers spend most of their time trying to win, so giving in doesn ¡t come easy. Gambling has been seen as a problem in society, ever since it was made legal in Nevada and Atlantic City in 1976. Since then, pro-gambling lobbyists have fought to get a form of legalized gambling in every state, but the National Coalition Against Legalized Gambling has prevailed. In 1987 however, the Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans, who are without state regulation, could offer legal gambling far outside Indian reservations. This decision has contributed to the rising numbers of compulsive gamblers in many states. More than 6% of adult gamblers are now considered to be addicted, and the numbers are continuing to grow. At present, Americans will wager over 550 billion dollars a year, a! 3,200% increase since 1976. Solutions to this problem are beginning to come forward, much to the gambling industry ¡s dislike, as the four percent of pathological gamblers may account for as much as 52% of an average casino ¡s The causes of compulsive gambling are similar to those which alcoholics and drug addicts encounter. Compulsive gamblers are preoccupied with seeking out gambling and gamble longer than intended, and with more money than intended. There is also the equivalent of  ¡tolerance ¡ when gamblers have to increase the size of their bets or the odds against them in order to create the desired amount of excitement. (Lesieur 2)  ¡The cause of the addicti...

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War

USS Valley Forge (CV-45) in the Korean War USS Valley Forge (CV-45) was the final Essex-class aircraft carrier to enter service with the US Navy. Though intended for use during World War II, the carrier was not completed until late 1946, long after hostilities had ended. Valley Forge was serving in the Far East in 1950 and was the first American fleet carrier to take part in the  Korean War. The vessel saw extensive service during the conflict before being converted to an antisubmarine carrier later in the 1950s. Further change came in 1961 when Valley Forge was modified into an amphibious assault ship. In this role it conducted multiple deployments to Southeast Asia during the early years of the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1970, the ship was sold for scrap the following year. A New Design Conceived in the 1920s and 1930s, the US Navys  Lexington- and  Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were intended to fit the tonnage limitations put in place by the  Washington Naval Treaty. This enacted restrictions on the sizes of different types of warships as well as placed a cap on each signatory’s total tonnage. This scheme was re-examined and extended by the London Naval Treaty in 1930. As international tensions increased in the 1930s, Japan and Italy elected to leave the treaty system. With the collapse of the treaty structure, the US Navy moved forward its efforts to design a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which used lessons learned from the  Yorktown-class. The new type was wider and longer as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This had been employed earlier on  USS  Wasp  (CV-7). In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class possessed a stronger anti-aircraft armament. Work commenced on the lead ship,  USS  Essex  (CV-9), on April 28, 1941. Long-Hull Following the Japanese  attack on Pearl Harbor  and US entry into  World War II, the  Essex-class quickly became the US Navys principal design for fleet carriers. The first four ships after  Essex  used the class initial design. In early 1943, the US Navy elected to make several changes with goal of improving future vessels. The most noticeable of these changes was lengthening the bow to a clipper design which allowed for the inclusion of two quadruple 40 mm mounts. Other alterations saw the addition of improved ventilation and aviation fuel systems, the combat information center moved under the armored deck, a second catapult installed on the flight deck, and the mounting  of an additional fire control director. Referred to as the long-hull  Essex-class or  Ticonderoga-class by some, the US Navy made no distinction between these and the earlier  Essex-class ships. Construction The first vessel to begin construction with the enhanced  Essex-class design was USS  Hancock  (CV-14) which was later re-named  Ticonderoga. This was followed by several additional carriers including USS  Valley Forge  (CV-45).  Named for the location of  General George Washingtons  famed encampment, construction commenced on September 14, 1943, at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.   Funding for the carrier was provided by the sale of over $76,000,000 in E Bonds throughout the greater Philadelphia region. The ship entered the water on July 8, 1945, with Mildred Vandergrift, wife of  Battle of Guadalcanal  commander General Archer Vandergrift, serving as sponsor. Work progressed into 1946 and  Valley Forge  entered commission on November 3, 1946, with Captain John W. Harris in command. The ship was the last  Essex-class carrier to join to the fleet. USS Valley Forge (CV-45) - Overview: Nation:  United StatesType:  Aircraft CarrierShipyard:  Philadelphia Naval ShipyardLaid Down:  September 14,1943Launched:  July 8, 1945Commissioned:  November 3, 1946Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1971 Specifications: Displacement:  27,100 tonsLength:  888 ft.Beam:  93 ft. (waterline)Draft:  28 ft., 7 in.Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed:  33 knotsComplement:  3,448 men Armament: 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft: 90-100 aircraft Early Service Completing fitting out, Valley Forge landed Air Group 5 in January 1947 with a F4U Corsair flown by Commander H. H. Hirshey making the first landing on the ship.  Departing port, the carrier conducted its shakedown cruise in the Caribbean with stops at Guantanamo Bay and the Panama Canal. Returning to Philadelphia, Valley Forge underwent a brief overhaul before sailing for the Pacific. Transiting the Panama Canal, the carrier arrived at San Diego on August 14 and formally joined the US Pacific Fleet. Sailing west that fall, Valley Forge took part in exercises near Pearl Harbor, before steaming to Australia and Hong Kong. Moving north to Tsingtao, China, the carrier received orders to return home via the Atlantic which would permit it to make an around the world voyage. Following stops in Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore, and Trincomalee, Valley Forge entered the Persian Gulf for a goodwill stop at Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia. Rounding the Arabian Peninsula, the carrier became the longest ship to transit the Suez Canal. Moving through the Mediterranean, Valley Forge called at Bergen, Norway and Portsmouth, UK before returning home to New York. In July 1948, the carrier replaced its complement of aircraft and received the new Douglas A-1 Skyraider and the Grumman F9F Panther jet fighter. Ordered to the Far East in early 1950, Valley Forge was in port at Hong Kong on June 25 when the Korean War commenced. Korean War Three days after the start of the war, Valley Forge became flagship of the US Seventh Fleet and served as the core of Task Force 77.  Having provisioned at Subic Bay in the Philippines, the carrier rendezvoused with ships from the Royal Navy, including the carrier HMS Triumph, and commenced strikes against North Korean forces on July 3. These initial operations saw Valley Forges F9F Panthers down two enemy Yak-9s. As the conflict progressed, the carrier provided support for General Douglas MacArthurs landings at Inchon in September.  Valley Forges aircraft continued to pound North Korean positions until November 19, when, after over 5,000 sorties had been flown, the carrier was withdrawn and ordered to the West Coast.    Reaching the United States, Valley Forges stay proved brief as the Chinese entry into the war in December required the carrier to immediately return to the war zone.  Rejoining TF 77 on December 22, planes from the carrier entered the fray the next day. Continuing operations for the next three months, Valley Forge aided United Nations forces in halting the Chinese offensive. On March 29, 1951, the carrier again departed for San Diego. Reaching home, it was then directed north to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for a much needed overhaul. This was completed that summer and after embarking Air Group 1, Valley Forge sailed for Korea. The first US carrier to make three deployments to the war zone, Valley Forge resumed launching combat sorties on December 11.  These were largely focused on  railway interdiction and saw the carriers planes repeatedly strike at Communist supply lines. Briefly returning to San Diego that summer, Valley Forge commenced its fourth combat tour in October 1952. Continuing to attack Communist supply depots and infrastructure, the carrier remained off the Korean coast until the final weeks of the war. Steaming for San Diego, Valley Forge underwent an overhaul and was transferred to the US Atlantic Fleet. New Roles With this shift, Valley Forge was re-designated as an anti-submarine warfare carrier (CVS-45).  Refitted for this duty at Norfolk, the carrier commenced service in its new role in January 1954.  Three years later, Valley Forge executed the US Navys first ship-based aerial envelopment exercise when its landing party was shuttled to and from a landing zone at Guantanamo Bay using only helicopters. A year later, the carrier became flagship of Rear Admiral John S. Thachs Task Group Alpha which focused on perfecting tactics and equipment for dealing with enemy submarines.   In early 1959, Valley Forge sustained damage from heavy seas and steamed to New York Naval Shipyard for repairs.  To expedite the work, a large section of flight deck was transferred from the inactive USS Franklin (CV-13) and transferred to Valley Forge. Returning to service, Valley Forge participated in the Operation Skyhook testing in 1959 which saw it launch balloons to measure cosmic rays. December 1960 saw the carrier recover the Mercury-Redstone 1A capsule for NASA as well as provide assistance to the crew of SS Pine Ridge which split in two off the coast of Cape Hatteras.   Steaming north, Valley Forge arrived at Norfolk on March 6, 1961 to undergo conversion into an amphibious assault ship (LPH-8). Rejoining the fleet that summer,  the ship commenced training in the Caribbean before embarking its complement of helicopters and joining the US Atlantic Fleets ready amphibious force. That October, Valley Forge operated off the Dominican Republic with orders to aid American citizens during a period of unrest on the island. Vietnam Directed to join the US Pacific Fleet in early 1962, Valley Forge airlifted its Marines into Laos in May to aid in thwarting a Communist takeover of the country.  Withdrawing these troops in July, it remained in the Far East until the end of the year when it sailed for the West Coast. Following a modernization overhaul at Long Beach, Valley Forge made another Western Pacific deployment in 1964 during which it won a Battle Effectiveness Award. Following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident in August, the ship moved closer to the Vietnamese coast and remained in the area into the fall. As the United States escalated its involvement in the Vietnam War, Valley Forge began ferrying helicopters and troops to Okinawa before making a deployment to the South China Sea. Taking up station in the fall of 1965, Valley Forges Marines participated in Operations Dagger Thrust and Harvest Moon before playing a role in Operation Double Eagle in early 1966.  After brief overhaul following these operations, the ship returned to Vietnam and assumed a position off Da Nang. Sent back to the United States in late 1966, Valley Forge spent part of early 1967 in the yard before commencing training exercises on the West Coast. Steaming west in November, the ship arrived in Southeast Asia and landed its troops as part of Operation Fortress Ridge. This saw them conduct search and destroy missions just south of the Demilitarized Zone. These activities were followed by Operation Badger Tooth near Quang Tri before Valley Forge shifted to a new station off Dong Hoi. From this position, it participated in Operation Badger Catch and supported the Cua Viet Combat Base.   Final Deployments The early months of 1968 continued to see Valley Forges forces take part in operations such as Badger Catch I and III as well as serve as an emergency landing platform for US Marine helicopters whose bases were under attack.  After continued service in June and July, the ship transferred its Marines and helicopters to USS Tripoli (LPH-10) and sailed for home. Receiving an overhaul, Valley Forge commenced five months of training before ferrying a load of helicopters to Vietnam. Arriving in the region, its forces took part in Operation Defiant Measure on March 6, 1969. With the conclusion of that mission, Valley Forge continued to steam off Da Nang as its Marines conducted a variety duties. Following training off Okinawa in June, Valley Forge arrived back off the northern coast of South Vietnam and launched Operation Brave Armada on July 24. With its Marines fighting in Quang Ngai Province, the ship remained on station and provided support. With the conclusion of the operation on August 7, Valley Forge debarked its Marines at Da Nang and departed for port calls at Okinawa and Hong Kong. On August 22, the ship learned that it would be deactivated following its deployment. After a brief stop at Da Nang to load equipment, Valley Forge touched at Yokosuka, Japan before sailing for the United States. Arriving at Long Beach on September 22, Valley Forge was decommissioned on January 15, 1970. Though some efforts were made to preserve the ship as a museum, they failed and Valley Forge was sold for scrap on October 29, 1971.

JUDGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JUDGEMENT - Essay Example gusz, especially during Christmas, who has become increasingly isolated and distrustful of everyone, living without a phone and scared of being burgled2. In addition, there is no evidence that Mr Bogusz has been in contact with his Ukrainian family. There are several facts that give rise to donatios mortis causa. Vallee visited Mr Bogusz on the 6th of August 2003 and found him to be quite unwell with a â€Å"chesty† cough, although the two did not discuss any diagnosis. When they referenced the next Christmas period, Mr Bogusz said that it was not his expectation that he would live for much longer. In fact, he claimed that he may not live to see the next Christmas. According to Vallee, Mr Bogusz wanted the land to pass on to her after his death, giving her the keys and title deeds to his house3. However, over the course of the appeal case at the High Court, she corrected this to mean one key, which she did not retain. In addition, Mr Bogusz gave Vallee a plastic bag that contained his photo album and war medals. However, Mr Bogusz continued living in his house and property and Vallee had no access and did not visit him after that4. Thereafter, Mr Bogusz survived for at least another four months before dying on the 9th of December 2003 from bronchopneumonia. Initially, this was thought to create bona vacantia and intestacy. Ms Vallee intimated a claim to TSol who rejected her claim of a donatio mortis Causa5. The defendant involved heir hunters to trace a brother, as well as other relatives living in the Ukraine and, in 2009; Tsol accepted the brother’s entitlement. Ms Vallee instituted a claim in 2012 and circuit judges decided in her favour during the trial in Oxford County Court. This they did with little academic analysis, while they did not cross-examine Ms. Vallee. The case was appealed at the High Court Chancery Division to Judge Jonathan Gaunt QC, sitting as deputy judge. The case was again dismissed and the case was appealed at the Court of

Robie House, University of Chicago,Frank Lloyd Wright Essay

Robie House, University of Chicago,Frank Lloyd Wright - Essay Example as his profession and this was the right decision he made, that is which resulted in his successful career of building a lot of famous civil, commercial and public building. From his child hood aspiration of natural beauty he adopted prairie style of architecture. And for a lot of period before he got inspiration from Japanese art of architecture he built number of famous buildings the most famous among them are Robie House and Unity Temple in Oak Park. He brought a revolution in the field of architecture by building these places. Robie house was completed in the first decade of twentieth century. Other famous buildings that he made was his own house Taliesin which caught due to different reasons many times and rebuilt it again and again. The Taliesin was mixture of the prairie and modern style of architecture he obtained from his long experience. In 1915 he went to Japan on the request of Japanese emperor for building Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. He spent 7 years of his life here and a natural style Imperial Hotel was constructed in this period. The feature that become the reason of fame for him was that this building was â€Å"earthquake proof†. This was acclaimed by Frank Lloyd Wright after completion of the construction and was proved right after the earthquake struck of Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. The whole city was devastated except this building in the whole city. He in his life gave idea of new thinking in the field of architecture. The novelty of his ideas was the key to his successful works. He was a nature lover and believed in construction for pleasurable life of man. This fact is evident from his works all the buildings he constructed in the symbol of simple beauty. He was considered retired from profession after construction of Taliesin, but he came back to the profession dramatically by constructing Falling Water Residence in 1935 which was one of the masterpieces of his works. The social conditions that influenced Robie House was that it is situated

Tears Idle Tears Essay Example for Free

Tears Idle Tears Essay Tears, Idle Tears is from the The Princess published in 1847. The poem was set in a fairy tale realm discussing women’s rights in education. The poem has interludes of songs or lyrics that were so acclaimed that they were seen as independent from the original Princess. Tears is one of those songs. The song begins with someone crying but not knowing ‘what they mean’ by crying. The person is crying from somewhere deep inside, a ‘divine despair. ’ Emotionally charged tears that are yet to have a cause. Throughout the song Tennyson speaks of ‘days that are no more’ speaking of a time that was happy and now all that is left is a depressed reflection. He begins with ‘happy Autumn fields’ reminiscing on the memories that were once of spring and growth and now all that is left in the field is emptiness. The song was written while Tennyson was in Titern Abbey in autumn, where the area held the burial place of his friend, Hallem. So perhaps the tears are from some underlying emotion for the death of his friend. This can be proven in the next line â€Å"Fresh as the first beam glittering on a sail, that brings our friends up from the underworld,† the line referring to the underworld in which the boatman ferries the dead to Hades. The third stanza refers to a man dying in the ‘earliest pipe of half-awaken’d birds. ’ It is an interesting contrast that as a new day dawns an old life ends, even more so that the last thing the man hears is the soft hymn of the morning birds. A gentle way to approach death as Tennyson would have wanted for his friends. In the final stanza Tennyson continues his somber teary remarks as in the first stanza where he now mentions: Dear as remember’d kisses after death And sweet as those by hopeless fancy feign’d On lips that are for other; deep as love, Deep as first love, and wild with all regret; O Death in Life, that days that are no more. The speaker is wild with regret in concern for the days lost with his friends that were the ‘Death in Life’ as he experienced loved ones dying and coping with the emotions that come and go as in the first stanza when ‘idle tears’ form. He does not know why he cries but subconsciously he is aware that it is because of death. The final line eclipses the subjective meaning in each stanza that the memories and happiness he had once felt are in ‘the days that are no more. ’

Brain Wave Genereation :: essays research papers

Theory behind BrainWave Generator EEG and the brain's state EEG (Electroencephalography) technology is used to measure brain's electrical vibrations from the surface of the scalp. The resulting EEG pattern will contain frequency elements mainly below 30Hz. The frequencies are categorized into four states as follows: State Frequency range Amplitude State of mind Delta 0.5Hz - 4Hz high (up to 200uV) Deep sleep Theta 4Hz - 8Hz low (5uV - 20uV) Drowsiness (also first stage of sleep) Alpha 8Hz - 14Hz high (up to 200uV) Relaxed but alert Beta 14Hz - 30Hz low (less than 10uV) Highly alert and focused The dominant frequency in the EEG pattern determines what shall be called the current state of the brain. If the amplitude of the alpha range frequencies is highest, then the brain is said to be in the alpha stage. Note, that other frequencies still exist and it is impossible to give any "exact frequency your brain is operating on". However, later references to the brain states use the simplification of assuming that such a single frequency exists. Entraining the brain to a desired state If external stimulus is applied to the brain, it becomes possible to entrain the brain frequency from one stage to another. For example, if a person is in beta stage (highly alert) and a stimulus of 10Hz is applied to his/her brain for some time, the brain frequency is likely to change towards the applied stimulus. The effect will be relaxing to the person. This phenomenon is also called frequency following response. When the brain's state is close to the applied stimulus, entrainment works more efficiently. Thus, when doing a sweep from one frequency to another, the starting frequency should be as close to your current brain state as possible. The sweep speed should be such that your brain's state changes steadily with it, so that the difference never gets very large. In practice, it is difficult to determine your brain state without extra equipment (like EEG devices). However, you can quite safely assume that during the day your brain is in the beta stage (about 20Hz) and you can start the sweep from there. If you are already somewhat relaxed, you can use a start frequency of 15Hz or a few Hz lower. Stimulating the brain with binaural beat frequencies The easiest way of applying stimulus to the brain is via ears. Other senses could be used as well, and vision is actually used quite often (often in addition to hearing).

Baudrillard’s ideas on the film The Matrix Essay

It has long been a condition of western culture to act for the accumulation of material objects. This is in part due to the capitalist nature of the world within which we live. Marx identifies in ‘The Critique of Capitalism’ the emergence of two new classes of people, namely ‘capitalists’ and ‘labourers’. The term ‘capitalist’ describes any person who has personal ownership of capital, which ‘consists of raw materials, instruments of labour and means of subsistence’ (Marx). In contrast a ‘labourer’ has only the value of his labour (life activity), which he exchanges with the capitalist for a wage and as such ‘the worker sinks to the level of commodity’ (Marx). Because the labourer produces for the capitalist a commodity of greater value than that of his wages and in addition those wages are paid back to the capitalist in return for subsistence, therefore social control in exerted over the working class, whilst providing the capitalist with excess commodity. The labourer consentingly becomes a slave to the system on which he depends. In addition Marx states that as the relation between capitalist and labourer (manufacturer and consumer) develops, so competition between rival capitalists becomes apparent. In effect the capitalist is forced to capture more of the market by selling goods more cheaply by the consolidation and exploitation of labour power e. g. by machinery. Such a strategy ultimately limits the demand for labour and so new industries must be developed for exploitation. These new industries are necessary because capital exists only in relation to its ability to command labour and social control and as such ‘they reciprocally condition the existence of each other’ (Marx). These forced increases in demand and therefore production are evident in the contemporary world market. Important to the development of Capitalism is the use of money which abstracts labour and commodity values to a common unit for the purpose of trade. In effect the labourer discovers that ‘the product of his activity is not the object of his activity’ (Marx) thus a level of abstraction occurs, which was consistent with the modernist values of the time. Karl Marx and early capitalism were mainly concerned with production which remains important but it was Situationist, Guy Debord, who gave the first insights into late capitalism and the theories that best apply to today’s world economics and culture of commodities. Debord, in his book ‘The Society of the Spectacle’, bases his examination of commodities around consumption, media, information and technology. As such Debord suggests that ‘in societies where modern conditions of production prevail, all of life presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived has moved away into a representation. ‘ By this he means to describe the world and its products as mere appearances, where the real meanings and values of commodities are translated into signs. Essentially ‘it is a world vision that has been objectified’ (Debord). Debord explains the phenomenon of the spectacle as resulting from the ever increasing production of capitalism. Because competition between capitalists inevitably leads to an excess of produce, so consumer demand must be increased. Such an increase is controllable by the spectacle as ‘the real consumer becomes a consumer of illusions,’ (Debord) so he can be manipulated to believe he must consume beyond the basic necessity for survival e. g. leisure products. Therefore ‘the spectacle’s form and content are identically the total justification of the existing system’s conditions and goals’ (Debord). The spectacle is mediated in society ‘as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption,’ (Debord). The effects of the mediated spectacle tend to lead the consumer to an experience of alienation as the consumers’ want for commodities is dictated to serve and maintain capitalism. In addition the spectacle constantly reinforces itself, for example the television, which is in itself a product of the spectacle that is then used by the capitalist to implement the advertisement of other spectacles. Essentially the ‘spectacle is the nightmare of imprisoned modern society’ (Debord) and explains the transition from the ‘degradation of being into having’ to ‘having into appearing’ (Debord). Jean Baudrillard took Marx’s ‘Critique of Capitalism’ and Debord’s ‘The Society of the Spectacle’ to their conclusions with his own theory of simulation and simulacra. Similar to the idea of the spectacle, Baudrillard describes a world where the subject of everything has been replaced by a semiological value that has become more important than the original, ‘real’ meaning of the object. This object he calls a ‘simulacra’. In ‘Simulacra and Simulation’ Baudrillard adds extra complexity to these ideas by establishing a hierarchy of simulation, which he gives four orders. In the first order the object is a copy of an original and so can be linked to a basic reality, for example a photograph of an actual event. The second order of simulation misrepresents the original subject; in the example the photography has been digitally manipulated in Photoshop to present a non-occurrence. In the third order a reality is recreated from a simulation of an original reality, when in fact, through the process of simulacra, the original has been lost, e. g. a scene is recreated from the digitally manipulated photograph of the original event. Finally, the forth order of simulation is the combined process of the first, second and third order to such an extent that the object bears no relation to reality or the original, for example the photograph has become a virtual reality. In this instance the link between reality and the signifying systems is almost impossible to ascertain, thus creating a ‘hyper-reality’. It is the use of one simulacra as a basis for the formation of another simulacra that shows the first signs of relevance to post modernity. Consequently, in post modernism, everything is understood in relation to everything that has come before, which in design manifests itself in referencing. Post modernism is also concerned with the fact that there is no right or wrong and essentially that no real truth exists. It is of course possible for a sign to make a transition through all four of the orders of simulation, constantly abstracting meaning and widening the gap between simulation and reality. However due to the complexity of repeated abstraction and signification it becomes necessary for an amount of speculation and simplification to occur when examining transitional examples. If we take, for example, the now famous emblem of automotive company Rolls Royce, it becomes apparent the extent to which a symbolic object can be re-simulated, each time loosing a part of it’s original meaning. ‘Spirit of Ecstasy’, designed by sculptor Charles Sykes and mass produced in 1911, is a cast metal emblem representing the figurine of a girl with arms outstretched to hold the folds of her gown blowing in the breeze. To the present day this emblem has been displayed on the bonnets of Rolls Royce cars and is the first order of simulation in terms of it being a representation of a real person from which the sculpture has been modelled. The object also references the figure heads of classic sailing ships in an attempt to convey the automotive product as an elegant, quite and reliable vehicle, which were the mediated associations with the brand during the early development of the company. In this instance the object enters the third order of simulation as a real event (model posing for sculptor) is created from an existing symbolic object (sailing boat figure heads) in order to be recreated as a new symbolic object (Spirit of Ecstasy emblem). At this point it is important to note that this example as an investigation could examine many more stages of referencing prior to the sign’s use as figure heads, though this could prove too difficult and inaccurate, again reinforcing the existence of a hyper-reality. The tea pot, designed by Michael Graves in 1985 for Alessi, brings the symbol to its conclusion. The tea pot employs a plastic emblem of a bird that is attached to the spout of the kettle and creates a whistling noise when the water is boiled. This creates a pun between the whistling of a kettle and the singing of bird but more importantly, its similar visual appearance (i. e. the wings of the bird and the outstretched arms and gown of the girl) makes a reference of Rolls Royce cars. Because during the late 20th century the values associated with Rolls Royce have matured to convey the brand as one of top class and status, so it are these value that are associated with Grave’s tea pot, supposed to the original associations that Rolls Royce was referencing from classic sailing ships. Therefore the product has clearly entered the forth order of simulation is it holds no relation to the original meaning that the original object as sign attempted to represent. Also, by referencing past signs, it can be described as a post modern object. Like Debord, Baudrillard agreed that simulation was important to the survival of capitalism as it, through mediation, can control the level of consumption within society. Baudrillard used the term ‘valorisation’ to describe the process through which symbolic objects attain value. An excellent example of valorisation is Pokemon cards, which are essentially printed illustrations on card and so their use value is very low. However, via mediation, Pokemon cards have been given a simulated symbolic value that has made them desirable and powerful as a commodity. As well as design, Baudrillard’s theory of simulation and simulacra has also proved influential in film making, for example in ‘The Matrix’, directed by the Wachowski brothers. The Matrix is set in the future at a time when the real world has been reduced to a desert waste land by a war between humanity and machines; after the invention of artificial intelligence. Because the machines are dependant on solar power, the humans have caused the equivalent of a nuclear winter by blocking out sunlight. This has caused the machines to retaliate by imprisoning humans in gel filled pods so that energy can be extracted from them in the form of heat. In order to control the humans in this procedure a computer simulated world called the matrix exists, that all of the imprisoned humans are connected to, living their lives in what they believe is the late 20th century, oblivious to the fact that their real bodies are in stasis in the real world. The film therefore acts as a metaphor for contemporary western cultures. Firstly the matrix is an existence of the fourth order of simulation in that it is a system of mere signs that are completely detached from reality, i. e. hyper-reality. Just as in contemporary cultures, the people who live in the matrix are unaware that they are controlled by a system through simulation. â€Å"You are a slave, neo, like everyone else you were born into bondage, born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch, a prison for your mind†¦ What is the matrix? Control. The matrix is a computer generated dream world built to keep us under control in order to change a human being into this† (he holds up a copper battery) (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix). In addition the film suggests that the prisoners of the Matrix are also dependant upon it, to the extent that they will fight to protect it. Baudrillard’s idea of mediasation appears in the film when it is suggested that there was a machine â€Å"spawning a whole race of machines† (Morpheus talking to Neo, The Matrix), thus the social control of the machines (mediation of signs) increasingly exert themselves with every new generation. Interestingly The Matrix seems to offer a solution to simulation and social control by the system, which is one of enlightenment. Once Neo understands the systems and can see the signs (computer code) of the matrix for what they really are, then he can choose to follow a different set of rules thus gaining control of his environment. As well as a theological basis on Baudrillard, The Matrix tends to convey the story via symbolic references and thus is post modern by nature. For example the ‘follow the white rabbit scene’ employs a tattoo of a white rabbit, which is referenced from ‘Alice in Wonderland’ in order to convey the uncertainty in discovering the truth of an alternate reality. In the same scene Neo also opens a copy Baudrillard’s ‘Simulacra and Simulation’ in effect reinforcing links to that element of the film. In conclusion, I have identified the main themes surrounding Baudrillard’s orders of simulacra and simulation, shown how they relate to modern and post modern design and have given contemporary examples of their use in product design and film making. I believe that such an understanding of simulation has served well to better understanding referencing in post modernity. References Debord, G., (1977) The Society of the Spectacle, Black & Red Poster, M., (1998) Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings, Polity Press Tucker, R. C., (1978) The Marx – Engels Reader Second Edition, Norton & Company Bibliography Hebdige, D., (1994) Hiding in the Light, Routledge http://www.geneseo.edu/~bicket/panop/baudrillard.ht http://www.artisanitorium.thehydden.com/nonfiction/film/matrix.htm http://www.rolls-roycemotorcars.com/master_frame.html

UK Soil Types And The Farming System Environmental Sciences Essay

To understand how of import the dirt is in finding the agriculture system, this study is based in the county of Shropshire, United Kingdom and will place the chief dirt types and the agriculture system and how it plays an of import function in British agribusiness. It will besides place the patterns which contribute to being a sustainable system of production. The country ‘s sustainability will besides be reported and how it compares to the remainder of the UK. Soil types will besides be reviewed and the relationships between the dirt type and the agriculture patterns will be described. Agribusiness in Shropshire is an of import function as it is the prevailing usage of land in the chosen country. The study will oppugn why Shropshire plays an of import portion in agribusiness in the UK, how it does this, and whether its sustainability is efficient in comparing to other countries in the UK. 2 County of survey 2.1 location Shropshire is located in the West Midlands of England and boundary lines Wales to the West. The county of Shropshire is one of England ‘s most rural counties and has an estimated population of 291, 800 in 2009 and an country of 319,736 hectares. ( Shropshire Council, 2010 ) Shropshire Figure 1: Location of Shropshire ( Mole Be Gone, non dated )2.1 History of Shropshire ‘s AgribusinessSince the eighteenth century, Shropshire has chiefly been an agricultural county. The first pattern of agribusiness was in Neotholic times and of all time since, the population had been preponderantly rural. British agribusiness was promoted by consecutive authoritiess after the Second World War. After 1973, the United Kingdom became a member of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , doing husbandmans supported and pushed to maximize their end products. Quotas were introduced by the EEC which set bounds on milk production in 1984, ensuing in 11 million liters less milk being sold in Shropshire in 1 twelvemonth. Winter Wheat became a dependable and profitable harvest de to the high outputs of the new strain of wheat. In 1988, the ‘Set-a-Side ‘ Scheme was introduces to cut down cultivable harvest excesss. This gave husbandmans a fee of up to ?200 per hectare if they took at least 20 % of their cultivable land into production. These fees were turn outing to be excessively low as husbandmans were non taking their land out of production. In the mid 80 ‘s, agricultural land value fell and husbandmans had increased force per unit area as environmental policies began such as harvest spraying holding tight ordinances as chemicals caused concern. At present times, agribusiness in Shropshire Idaho flourishing and come oning greatly. ( Cox et al, 1989 )2.1.1 Farming Facts-Agriculture in Shropshireâ€Å" 2.2 % of work force is straight employed in agribusiness † Agribusiness supports 22.5 % of the county ‘s work force † â€Å" In 2001, there was 5,330 actively farmed agricultural retentions † â€Å" Average farm size in Shropshire is 54 hectares † â€Å" It utilises 82 per cent of the county ‘s land country † â€Å" The portion of little farms has increased while medium sized farms have decreased † Beginning: Shropshire Farming Study, ( 2002 ) Figure 2: The autumn in agricultural Employment. P.7 ( Shropshire Farming Study, 2002 ) Figure 2 shows that the figure of agricultural employment has fallen from 14,295 to 12,205 doing a lessening of 2090. This could be due to there being better farming engineering so less agricultural workers are needed. Figure 3: The Change in Farm size Structure. P.6 ( Shropshire Farming Study, 2002 ) Figure 3 shows that the figure of little farms from 1981 to 2001 has rose 20 % and the figure of medium sized farms has decreased by 17 % .Location Landscape, Geology and LandscapeShropshire ‘s geology is really diverse with big sums of lead, coal and Fe. Figure 4 shows the different types of stone around Shropshire. The North of Shropshire has a more level land which is really fertile. This portion of Shropshire is more mostly populated. The North ‘s agriculture is chiefly cultivable. The South of Shropshire is a more rural country with fewer colonies. Its landscape is full of hills, rivers and forests. Farming in this portion of Shropshire is chiefly pastoral. Shropshire ‘s clime is moderate and gets really cold in the hilly countries when in the winter season. ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) Figure 5 shows the clime norms. Figure 4: Shropshire Geology ( Wikipedia, 2000 ) Figure 5: Shawbury Climate Averages ( Met Office, 2007 )2.2 Soil Type ( Main )In Shropshire, illustrations of all types of dirt can be found from sandy to loamy dirts. This is due to glaciation taking topographic point around the country. Shropshire ‘s prevailing dirt type is flaxen dirts such as the underlying ruddy sandstone stone which is found in North Shropshire. This is the most widely distributed dirt type and is chocolate-brown in coloring material and to red in dirt deepness. This type of dirt is formed from weather-beaten stones such as limestone, vitreous silica, granite, and shale. In Shropshire it is chiefly harsh sand. This can ensue in murphies holding a hapless skin coating impacting the agriculture system. It is besides prone to over-draining and summer desiccation, and in moisture weather it can hold jobs retaining wet and foods. ( EAIS, 2010 ) This dirt is of course acidic and needs regular liming. It is besides low in potassium hydroxide and Mg. ( Jefferson, 2010 ) Manganese lacks are incurring here. This can impact the agriculture system as it caused slow works growing so husbandmans will be less productive. Littorals are prone to weave eroding, H2O eroding and leaching. Its harvest suitableness is chiefly for barley, murphies and malting. Coarse sand has a atom size of 0.2-2mm and has a really farinaceous texture. It can be similar to builder ‘s sand. The single atoms can be seen easy. ( Jefferson, 2010b ) With flaxen dirts the malleability is low and is non cohesive doing low stableness. Due to seedbeds being loose, deep boring can happen doing unneeded works loss. Excessive cultivations under wet conditions can do dirt sums to prostration. This consequences in a compacted bed when dried out doing harvest growing difficult. Due to there being quite a batch of infinite between atoms, the sandy dirts can be really free run outing intending it does non keep H2O and indispensable foods good. As the dirt moves down the H2O table easy it can make a high H2O tabular array doing a groundwater drainage job due to the dirt being permeable. The flaxen dirts dry out really easy so a batch of irrigation is needed. The alimentary position of sandy dirts is of course low particularly in potassium hydroxide. Due to the dirt being chiefly acidic it has a low PH. The organic affair of sand dirts is of course low besides of approximately 1-2 % . The organic affair is of import to keep as iy aid adhere dirt atoms together to keep foods. It besides helps dirt to keep wet, which can be a job for sandy dirts. The organic affair can assist supply birthrate to the dirt as a beginning of N assisting the agriculture system. Dirts with better organic affairs and alimentary positions will bring forth a better harvest. ( Jefferson, 2010c )Farming Enterprisesâ€Å" Sustainable agribusiness can be defined as the production of alimentary and wholesome nutrient with well-being and wellness of future coevalss in head due respect to environmental impact preservation of agricultural resources † ( Jefferson, 2010 ) The current agricultural policy can specify sustainable agribusiness through its point of policy including: â€Å" Guaranting the go oning handiness to the consumer of equal supplies of, wholesome, varied and moderately priced nutrient, produced within conformity with by and large accepted environmental and societal criterions † â€Å" Keeping a flexible and competitory industry which contributes to an economically feasible rural society † â€Å" Ensuring effectual protection of the environment and prudent usage of natural resources † â€Å" Conserving and heightening the landscape, wildlife, cultural and archeological value of agricultural land † â€Å" Respecting a high degree of animate being public assistance † Beginning: ECIFM ( non dated ) A agriculture system is a system made up of inputs, procedures and end products. It is the different types of agriculture and methods used in agribusiness such as cultivable or grassland farming which can include dairy agriculture or the raising of farm animal. Due to the dirt type being sandy the harvests that are grown in the country are barley, murphies and malting. The 2001 nose count informations showed that 5 % of the national dairy herd are in Shropshire and that Shropshire grows 5 % of all murphies grown in England doing it a chief agriculture system for the country. ( Shropshire Farming Study. P5. 2002 ) Crop rotary motion is used to assist the sustainability of the agriculture. â€Å" A well-arranged rotary motion enables the work of the farm to be good distributed over the twelvemonth, and provides steady employment for a whole-time staff. † ( White, 1937 ) The advantages of harvest rotary motions: aˆ? Provides care of good dirt construction and organic affair aˆ? Crontrols certain dirt and straw residue borne plague and diseases aˆ? Ensures the agriculture pattern is sustainable aˆ? Gives the best profitable border Beginning: Jefferson ( 2010 )ArableWinter wheatShropshire grows root and combinational harvests with a high value giving. An illustration of this is Winter Wheat which is traditionally grown after a interruption harvest foremost. 2nd Winter Wheat is at hazard of trash borne dieseases. An illustration of a root disease found is Take-all. This is common in 2nd wheats as the fungus builds up in the roots and dirt. Compaction of harvests which can diminish the growing of root will increase wil increase the degrees of Take-All. This causes high hazard of output loss. ( Jefferson, 2010 ) â€Å" Take-all is arguably the most of import disease of wheat in the UK, partially because it is non easy controlled chemically or by varietal opposition and relies on rotational schemes for control. † ( Cereal Disease Encyclopaedia, non dated ) By obtaining a good harvest rotary motion the disease can normally be treated and prevented. Having 50 % of more land in cereals with a twelvemonth interruption on occasion can diminish the jobs and may handle it. ( Jefferson, 2010 )Oil Seed RapeOil Seed Rape is a valuable hard currency harvest and has helped to replace sugar Beta vulgaris in Shropshire which two old ages ago was dropped due to the mill shutting. Oil Seed Rape that has been grown intensively is under menace from club root. Club Root causes roots to swell and hence harvests will non turn successfully. To obtain sustainability Oil Seed Rape should non be grown more than on in four or five old ages. As the harvest has good competitory ability it therefore enables it ‘s agriculturists to utilize less weedkiller in the rotary motion. An illustration of harvest rotary motion for sustainable production is Winter Oil Seed Rape, Winter Wheat, Winter Oats, Winter Beans, Winter Wheat and Winter Barley.PotatosPotatos are valuable in Shropshire and are grown mostly. They are nevertheless at hazard of dirt borne plagues such as Potato Cyst Nematode. This is the most of import plague of murphies in the UK. This can do weak workss with dull looking leaf with inclination to wilt. It besides causes little cysts attached to roots. ( Potato Council, 2008 ) A good harvest rotary motion is used to supply a sustainable harvest. An illustration of good pattern that is used is Potatoes, Winter Wheat, Winter Barley, Sugar Beet, Spring Wheat and Winter Barley. Some husbandmans use the bare minimal good practicing which is 1 in 4. E.g. Sugar Beet, Winter Wheat, Potatoes and Winter Wheat.GrasslandIn Shropshire, there are big sum of dairy agriculture and is good known for its good beginning of milk production as they have a batch of pastoral agriculture. This is why there are many dairy mills located around Shropshire. ( Shropshire Farming Study. P5. 2002 ) Dairy farming relies on high quality grass or other eatages such as corn to guarantee of the best quality milk. An illustration of high quality grass is Perennial Rye Grass. This is the chief type of grass used. Farmer mix this with trefoil which fixes N significance they have to utilize less N in farming assisting the sustainability of the agriculture and assisting the environment. This is an illustration of renewing agriculture. Within corn there are beginnings of energy which is utilised by organic manure therefore doing the farm animal direction of import besides to assist obtain good grass quality. ( Jefferson, 2010 ) To assist maintain the grassland sustainable, when the grass has dried up some husbandmans grow other harvests such as adding a wheat to the land which can4.0 Environmental Practices

3 Cases of Improving Writing Through Combination

3 Cases of Improving Writing Through Combination 3 Cases of Improving Writing Through Combination 3 Cases of Improving Writing Through Combination By Mark Nichol In each of the following pairs of clauses, an ineffectual presentation of information is strengthened by altering sentence structure through combination. Discussion and revision follow each example. 1. Only about 7,500 fans attended the game, and about two-thirds of them had not paid for their tickets. What is intended to be a modestly dramatic admission seems to be attached offhandedly to the end of this sentence. The revelation of the means by which the game’s attendance was boosted would be better presented by inserting it parenthetically into the main clause: â€Å"Only about 7,500 fans, about two-thirds of whom had not paid for their tickets, attended the game.† It can be argued that this revision weakens the impact of the sentence, which in the context from which it was excised emphasized that a sports team had to give away most of the tickets for a game to ensure even a half-full basketball arena. To successfully punch up the end of the sentence with this admission, it would be better to revise the sentence to be more emphatic: â€Å"Only about 7,500 fans attended the game- and two-thirds of them had to be lured in with free tickets.† 2. This strategy can also be one of the more difficult to scope and plan. This is due to the challenges that can come with the reporting process. This sentence benefits from the approach employed in the previous example: â€Å"This strategy can also, because of the challenges that can come with the reporting process, be one of the more difficult to scope and plan.† This revision also eliminates the weak expletive â€Å"this is† at the head of the second sentence. 3. The executive team and the board of directors should ensure that there is a passionate focus on improving stakeholder experiences. Stakeholder experiences are the accumulation of day-to-day interactions. Here, an awkward immediate reiteration, at the head of the second sentence, of the phrase that ends the first sentence is easily avoided by subsuming the second sentence into the first as a subordinate clause: â€Å"The executive team and the board of directors should ensure that there is a passionate focus on improving stakeholder experiences, which are the accumulation of day-to-day interactions.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouThe Six Spellings of "Long E"Woof or Weft?

How to Compare High Schools Using SAT Scores

How to Compare High Schools Using SAT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re reading this article, I assume you’re in search of a good high school. When you compare high schools, average SAT score is a useful tool. What does an average SAT score represent? Why should you care about a school’s average SAT score? How do you even find a school’s average SAT score? I’ll answer that and more in this guide. What Does a High School’s Average SAT Score Represent? When considering what a high school’s average SAT score represents, you need to know what the SAT measures. While the College Board may argue that an SAT score simply measures a student’s academic ability, the SAT measures not only academic ability but also other things such as perseverance. What I mean by perseverance is a student’s determination to do well. While a genius might be able to get a 2400 on the SAT with no practice, a student with just slightly above-average intelligence can also get a 2400 with enough practice. For this reason, an SAT score reveals both a student’s academic ability and their willingness to work hard. A high school’s average SAT score represents these same qualities: academic ability and perseverance. However, in terms of an entire high school, its â€Å"academic ability† is dependent upon the quality of education it provides, and its â€Å"perseverance† is dependent upon the caliber of students. A high school's average SAT score helps answer questions such as: Do the students at that school care about their education? Do they study? Do they practice for the SAT? Do they care about pursuing a four-year degree? Why Should You Care About a High School’s Average SAT Score? You should care about a high school’s average SAT score because higher SAT scores can indicate a better quality of education and a better quality of student at that school. Since the SAT measures academic ability and your education is responsible for your knowledge, the better the quality of education you receive, the better you’ll perform on the SAT. Though, as I said before, your SAT score is also affected by how much you prepare for the test. If a high school’s average SAT score is high, the students at that high school are probably more invested in their high school education and more committed to getting into a 4-year college than students at other high schools. These students probably study more and spend more time preparing to take the SAT. You should want to send your child to a high school with a higher average SAT score, where they’ll likely be surrounded by like-minded, hard-working students and receive a higher quality of education. Devil’s Advocate: Why Shouldn’t You Rely Too Heavily On Average SAT Score? A school’s average SAT score can indicate the quality of education and students, but it may not give you the full picture. As an example, some public high schools have magnet (or gifted) programs that are separated from the â€Å"regular† track at that high school. These programs usually have a superior quality of students and teachers compared to the rest of the school. My public high school had an International Baccalaureate magnet program. The admissions requirements for this program were high, but there were no requirements for students on the â€Å"regular† high school track. This program had superior teachers who only taught IB classes. I’d bet the average SAT score for IB students was higher than the average SAT score for students on the â€Å"regular† track. However, the average SAT score for my high school does not separate IB and non-IB students. The number includes the scores of all students at the school. For this reason, you can’t distinguish what the caliber of education and student will be within a specific magnet program versus the â€Å"regular† track. As I said before, your SAT score is also affected by how much effort you put into studying for the test. If you attend a high school with a low average SAT score, that does not mean you’re going to have a low SAT score. If you attend a high school with a high average SAT score, that does not guarantee you'll get a high SAT score. No matter which high school you attend, you can still study, learn the test format and strategies, and achieve a high score on the SAT. However, you should try to attend the high school with the best quality of students and teachers so that you’ll receive the best education you can, be challenged in school, and be well prepared for the SAT. How to Find a School’s Average SAT Score There are four methods for tracking down a public school’s average SAT score: Through the Department of Education website (Note: This only works for PUBLIC high schools. Also, this is the ONLY way to find average SAT scores by school district.) Through the school’s website (however, not all schools publish this information on their websites) By emailing a school administrator Simply Google Searching â€Å"[High School Name] Average SAT Score† (though this can be unreliable) The best method to find average SAT score by high school is to use the Department of Education’s website for your state. NOTE: this will only work for some states. For a full explanation of how to find a district’s or specific public high school’s average SAT score using this method (and for a list of states that don't provide this data), read our article on SAT Scores by High School and District. This approach is the only way to guarantee you’re getting up-to-date, correct, unbiased information. For private high schools (or as another search option for public high schools), you could try the Google search method, looking on the high school’s website, or sending an email to an administrator at that high school. However, websites and Google search can often have outdated information (i.e. SAT score averages from three years ago). Outdated information is still somewhat useful as it can give you a sense of how the school is performing; however, there can be big score differences in just a few years if there are changes in the school administration and teaching staff. There's also the possibility that the school doesn't post this data on its website. If you email administrators, you may also be given outdated information (if they haven’t seen the most recent statistics). Also, it may take them a while to respond to your request with their busy schedule or if they’re on summer vacation. Be a curious cat! What Should You Look for in SAT Data? In the SAT data, you should be looking at the average composite SAT score. NOTE: Typically, states publish average SAT scores by section. You’ll need to add the average section scores together to approximate the average composite SAT score if they don't include composite score as a separate category. The average composite SAT score is the main number you should be concerned with. The higher the number, the better. Read more about that in our other guide: SAT Scores by High School and District. You can also look at the individual section scores. The Math section score may give you a sense of how strong or weak the Math program is. The closer to 800 (the highest possible section score), the better. A high score most likely means a higher quality math program. The Critical Reading and Writing sections (or Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section - for data from 2016 or later) will give you a sense of the quality of English education at that school. Again, same as Math, the closer to 800 (the highest possible section score), the better. A high score most likely means a higher quality of English classes. From the data, you can also find the fraction of students who took the SAT at a particular high school. NOTE: some states will only list the number of students who took the SAT and will not include overall school enrollment. You will not be able to figure out the fraction of students who took the SAT unless you have both pieces of data. However, if your state does provide you with the total enrollment number and the number of test-takers, such as California does, you can determine the fraction of students who took the SAT. As an example here is a screenshot of the SAT data from the California Department of Education’s website: To determine the fraction of students who took the SAT at a specific high school, take the number of test takers (listed under the NumTstTakr column) and divide it by the number of enrolled students (under Enroll912). If I were looking at Alameda Science and Technology Institute (the highlighted school), the fraction of students who took the SAT would be: 61 / 169 or about 36% Don't read too much into this number because it doesn't tell the whole story. The enrollment includes the TOTAL number of students, and you wouldn’t expect Freshmen or Sophomores to be taking the SAT. While 36% seems small, you need to take into account: The fact that Alameda Science and Technology Institute has about 50 students per grade level. Typically, only Juniors and Seniors will take the SAT in a given year, and there are about 100 Juniors and Seniors at Alameda. Some students may opt to take the ACT instead. When accounting for all of that, it seems that close to 100% of Alameda Science and Technology Institute students will end up taking the SAT or ACT before they graduate, which is impressive. While you can look at the fraction of students who took the SAT at a specific high school, the more important number is the average SAT score for that high school. Summary A high school's average SAT score can reveal the quality of education and quality of students at that school. However, when you compare high schools, their average SAT scores will not always tell you the whole story. For example, at schools with magnet programs, magnet students' SAT scores are mixed with the "regular" students' SAT scores to provide the school's average SAT score. Students in the magnet track may have a higher average SAT score (as they may be receiving a higher quality education and be harder working students), but you wouldn't be able to tell from the overall average SAT score of that school. There are several options for finding out a high school's average SAT score. Not all methods will work in all states or for all schools. Check out our other guide on SAT Scores by High School and District to find out the best method for you. When you find the average SAT score data, you should look for the composite SAT score. The higher this score is, the better. What’s Next? If you're taking the SAT, you should learn about the format of the new SAT, and also, check out some general tips on how to prepare for the SAT. Before you start studying for the SAT, figure out what’s a good score for your target college. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Outside speech Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outside speech - Assignment Example Second, it is the role of the human resource development section to improve on the quality of this employee through programs such as training and seminars to make them fit in the contemporary environment. Therefore, as emerging leaders of this great nation, we shall be in various leadership positions in the future. To make the workforce that one has go that extra mile to not only deliver to the given goals of the company, they need motivation. Motivation can be done through increased salaries, recognition of the best performing employees and promotions. On top of that, motivation without creating a good ethical culture in the business may not work well or deliver the desired results in the company. Therefore, ladies and gentlemen, as leaders in the future, let us uphold great ethical standards both while serving and out of the work place. As managers and human resource personnel, let us know that to make the given employees to work they not only need motivation but a good working environment that will make them own up the responsibilities that they are given.’ I gave the speech to students during an organized trade fair where the students were accorded the chance to interact and give their views on ways to improve organizational performance. The goal of the speech was to pin point the need of merging the knowledge in human resource management and human resource development to get a highly performing employee team. In the speech, I provided the audience with the approaches to both ideas since most people rarely understand the difference between the two and how they can be merged to increase the organizational performance. I made the speech in the following manner; - Since I had prepared to give this speech having explored various strengths and drawbacks while doing it, I did not suffer from anxiety. All the points that I was to address were coherently put

Critically analyse the effectiveness of United Nations Security Essay

Critically analyse the effectiveness of United Nations Security Council - Essay Example nal law is not an empty promise.† His rhetorics, however, were met with critical remarks from President Arias Sanchez of Costa Rica, who said that the United Nations had failed in its mission to make the world a safe place to live in. He accused the UNSC of continuously turning â€Å"a blind eye† to arms proliferation, as well as to countries that refused to ratify the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. He added that it was not possible for the world to be safe, if arms proliferation was not given top priority on the international agenda. His sentiments were echoed by French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who observed that Iran and the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea , who were â€Å"right in front of us,† had violated Security Council resolutions to stop the testing of ballistic missiles (Security Council SC/ 9746, 2009). He stressed the need for all Council decisions to prove effective by producing positive results. Fore most on the minds of the Heads of State, however, was how the permanent five (P-5) members of the UNSC, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), propose to work together to solve the intractable nuclear issues that had existed since the Cold War. This essay seeks to analyze: i) politics within the United Nations Security Council, ii) reform in the United Nations Security Council, iii) the Security Council today - 21st Century, and iv) the role of the Secretary-General. The first major setback that paralyzed the United Nations Security Council from managing and handling international security issues effectively, was the use of vetoes by the five permanent members (P-5)(P. Wallensteen, P. Johansson, 2004: 20). During the Cold War period, a total of 193 vetoes were casted. Of these, forty-four were concerned with electing a new Secretary-General, fifty-four concerned the election of new members to the organization, while the rest of the vetoes were used as a show of rejection of draft resolutions

Daycare Centers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Daycare Centers - Essay Example They have their own Curriculum Department â€Å"with over 150 years of experience† (Kids R Kids). The curriculum is divided into developmental levels. â€Å"The heart of our curriculum is love. Love, along with a deep understanding of the individual educational and emotional needs of each child, sets the Kids ‘R’ Kids Curriculum apart† (Kids R Kids). â€Å"Kindercares innovative and comprehensive Excel Education program is designed to ensure that children are responded to and supported in developing their full potential† (KinderCare). They boast an innovative mandarin emersion program. As with Kids R Kids the programming aims to be developmentally appropriate. They provide greater structure in their centres and tend to present an emphasis on educational achievement. Lil Texans Learning Centre has numerous centres. For diversity a Christian Centre with a curriculum reflective of those beliefs was selected. Differenceswith this centre and the other two is that Christian education is given as top priority and that play and music and dance are listed as part of the mini Texans program. All three centers boast of trained staff and encourage upskilling, but give no commitment of financially support in this. The methods and full extent of teacher training is not made public. Teacher forums note that ‘chains’ are businesses and that privately owned daycare Centres are generally more committed to children’s needs. Both centres come in at a 3/5 rating. Teacher, child ratios are advertised at Kids R Kids as 1:4 in the infant age group, 1:6in the 18months-2.3 age group and 1:8 in the 3-4year age group. They mention provision of specialist teachers for children with additional needs. KinderCare do not advertise their ratios. The Lil Texans Centre selected does not present staff qualifications or teacher child ratios. The highest rating 4/5 is given to Kids R Kids due to their commitment to special education supported children with† early

Application And Use Of Complex Numbers

Application And Use Of Complex Numbers HISTORY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:- Complex numbers were first conceived and defined by the Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano, who called them fictitious, during his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations. This ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where any polynomial equation has a root. The rules for addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers were developed by the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli. A more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was further developed by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. COMPLEX NUMBER INTERPRETATION:- A number in the form of x+iy where x and y are real numbers and i = is called a complex number. Let z= x+iy X is called real part of z and is denoted by R (z) Y is called imaginary part of z and is denoted by I (z) CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER: A pair of complex numbers x+iy and x-iy are said to be conjugate of each other. PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ARE:- 1) If + = + then = 2) Two complex numbers + and + are said to be equal If R (+) = R ( +) I (+) = I ( +) 3) Sum of the two complex numbers is ( +) +( + = (+ ) + (+) 4) Difference of two complex numbers is ( +) ( + = () + () 5) Product of two complex numbers is ( +) ( + = +( ) 6) Division of two complex numbers is = + 7) Every complex number can be expressed in terms of r (cosÃŽÂ ¸ + sinÃŽÂ ¸) R (x+) = r cosÃŽÂ ¸ I (x+) = r sinÃŽÂ ¸ r = and ÃŽÂ ¸ = REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN PLANE The set of complex numbers is two-dimensional, and a coordinate plane is required to illustrate them graphically. This is in contrast to the real numbers, which are one-dimensional, and can be illustrated by a simple number line. The rectangular complex number plane is constructed by arranging the real numbers along the horizontal axis, and the imaginary numbers along the vertical axis. Each point in this plane can be assigned to a unique complex number, and each complex number can be assigned to a unique point in the plane. Modulus and Argument of a complex number: The number r = is called modulus of x+ and is written by mod (x+) or ÃŽÂ ¸ = is called amplitude or argument of x+ and is written by amp (x+) or arg (x+) Application of imaginary numbers: For most human tasks, real numbers (or even rational numbers) offer an adequate description of data. Fractions such as à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ º are meaningless to a person counting stones, but essential to a person comparing the sizes of different collections of stones. Negative numbers such as à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢3 and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 are meaningless when measuring the mass of an object, but essential when keeping track of monetary debits and credits. Similarly, imaginary numbers have essential concrete applications in a variety of sciences and related areas such as signal processing, control theory, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, cartography, vibration analysis, and many others. APPLICATION OF COMPLEX NO IN ENGINEERING:- Control Theory In control theory, systems are often transformed from the time domain to the frequency domain using the Laplace transform. The systems poles and zeros are then analyzed in the complex plane. The root locus, Nyquist plot, and Nichols plot techniques all make use of the complex plane. In the root locus method, it is especially important whether the poles and zeros are in the left or right half planes, i.e. have real part greater than or less than zero. If a system has poles that are in the right half plane, it will be unstable, all in the left half plane, it will be stable, on the imaginary axis, it will have marginal stability. If a system has zeros in the right half plane, it is a nonminimum phase system. Signal analysis Complex numbers are used in signal analysis and other fields for a convenient description for periodically varying signals. For given real functions representing actual physical quantities, often in terms of sines and cosines, corresponding complex functions are considered of which the real parts are the original quantities. For a sine wave of a given frequency, the absolute value |z| of the corresponding z is the amplitude and the argument arg(z) the phase. If Fourier analysis is employed to write a given real-valued signal as a sum of periodic functions, these periodic functions are often written as complex valued functions of the form where à Ã¢â‚¬ ° represents the angular frequency and the complex number z encodes the phase and amplitude as explained above. Improper integrals In applied fields, complex numbers are often used to compute certain real-valued improper integrals, by means of complex-valued functions. Several methods exist to do this; see methods of contour integration. Residue theorem The residue theorem in complex analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate path integrals of meromorphic functions over closed curves and can often be used to compute real integrals as well. It generalizes the Cauchy and Cauchys integral formula. The statement is as follows. Suppose U is a simply connected open subset of the complex plane C, a1,,an are finitely many points of U and f is a function which is defined and holomorphic on U \ {a1,,an}. If ÃŽÂ ³ is a rectifiable curve in U which doesnt meet any of the points ak and whose start point equals its endpoint, then Here, Res(f,ak) denotes the residue of f at ak, and n(ÃŽÂ ³,ak) is the winding number of the curve ÃŽÂ ³ about the point ak. This winding number is an integer which intuitively measures how often the curve ÃŽÂ ³ winds around the point ak; it is positive if ÃŽÂ ³ moves in a counter clockwise (mathematically positive) manner around ak and 0 if ÃŽÂ ³ doesnt move around ak at all. In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner: the integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are computed (which is usually easy), and a part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle in the upper or lower half-plane. The integral over this curve can then be computed using the residue theorem. Often, the half-circle part of the integral will tend towards zero if it is large enough, leaving only the real-axis part of the integral, the one we were originally interested Quantum mechanics The complex number field is relevant in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, where complex Hilbert spaces provide the context for one such formulation that is convenient and perhaps most standard. The original foundation formulas of quantum mechanics the Schrà ¶dinger equation and Heisenbergs matrix mechanics make use of complex numbers. The quantum theory provides a quantitative explanation for two types of phenomena that classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics cannot account for: Some observable physical quantities, such as the total energy of a blackbody, take on discrete rather than continuous values. This phenomenon is called quantization, and the smallest possible intervals between the discrete values are called quanta (singular: quantum, from the Latin word for quantity, hence the name quantum mechanics.) The size of the quanta typically varies from system to system. Under certain experimental conditions, microscopic objects like atoms or electrons exhibit wave-like behavior, such as interference. Under other conditions, the same species of objects exhibit particle-like behavior (particle meaning an object that can be localized to a particular region of space), such as scattering. This phenomenon is known as wave-particle duality. Application of complex number in Computer Science. 1) Arithmetic and logic in computer system Arithmetic and Logic in Computer Systems provides a useful guide to a fundamental subject of computer science and engineering. Algorithms for performing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in digital computer systems are presented, with the goal of explaining the concepts behind the algorithms, rather than addressing any direct applications. Alternative methods are examined, and explanations are supplied of the fundamental materials and reasoning behind theories and examples. 2) Recticing Software engineering in 21st century This technological manual explores how software engineering principles can be used in tandem with software development tools to produce economical and reliable software that is faster and more accurate. Tools and techniques provided include the Unified Process for GIS application development, service-based approaches to business and information technology alignment, and an integrated model of application and software security. Current methods and future possibilities for software design are covered. In Electrical Engineering: The voltage produced by a battery is characterized by one real number (called potential), such as +12 volts or à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢12 volts. But the AC voltage in a home requires two parameters. One is a potential, such as 120 volts, and the other is an angle (called phase). The voltage is said to have two dimensions. A 2-dimensional quantity can be represented mathematically as either a vector or as a complex number (known in the engineering context as phasor). In the vector representation, the rectangular coordinates are typically referred to simply as X and Y. But in the complex number representation, the same components are referred to as real and imaginary. When the complex number is purely imaginary, such as a real part of 0 and an imaginary part of 120, it means the voltage has a potential of 120 volts and a phase of 90 °, which is physically very real. Application in electronics engineering Information that expresses a single dimension, such as linear distance, is called a scalar quantity in mathematics. Scalar numbers are the kind of numbers students use most often. In relation to science, the voltage produced by a battery, the resistance of a piece of wire (ohms), and current through a wire (amps) are scalar quantities. When electrical engineers analyzed alternating current circuits, they found that quantities of voltage, current and resistance (called impedance in AC) were not the familiar one-dimensional scalar quantities that are used when measuring DC circuits. These quantities which now alternate in direction and amplitude possess other dimensions (frequency and phase shift) that must be taken into account. In order to analyze AC circuits, it became necessary to represent multi-dimensional quantities. In order to accomplish this task, scalar numbers were abandoned and complex numbers were used to express the two dimensions of frequency and phase shift at one time. In mathematics, i is used to represent imaginary numbers. In the study of electricity and electronics, j is used to represent imaginary numbers so that there is no confusion with i, which in electronics represents current. It is also customary for scientists to write the complex number in the form a + jb. In electrical engineering, the Fourier transform is used to analyze varying voltages and currents. The treatment of resistors, capacitors, and inductors can then be unified by introducing imaginary, frequency-dependent resistances for the latter two and combining all three in a single complex number called the impedance. (Electrical engineers and some physicists use the letter j for the imaginary unit since i is typically reserved for varying currents and may come into conflict with i.) This approach is called phasor calculus. This use is also extended into digital signal processing and digital image processing, which utilize digital versions of Fourier analysis (and wavelet analysis) to transmit, compress, restore, and otherwise process digital audio signals, still images, and video signals. Introduce the formula E = I à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Z where E is voltage, I is current, and Z is impedance. Complex numbers are used a great deal in electronics. The main reason for this is they make the whole topic of analyzing and understanding alternating signals much easier. This seems odd at first, as the concept of using a mix of real and imaginary numbers to explain things in the real world seem crazy!. . To help you get a clear picture of how theyre used and what they mean we can look at a mechanical example We can now reverse the above argument when considering a.c. (sine wave) oscillations in electronic circuits. Here we can regard the oscillating voltages and currents as side views of something which is actually rotating at a steady rate. We can only see the real part of this, of course, so we have to imagine the changes in the other direction. This leads us to the idea that what the oscillation voltage or current that we see is just the real portion of a complex quantity that also has an imaginary part. At any instant what we see is determined by a phase angle which varies smoothly with time. We can now consider oscillating currents and voltages as being complex values that have a real part we can measure and an imaginary part which we cant. At first it seems pointless to create something we cant see or measure, but it turns out to be useful in a number of ways. 1) It helps us understand the behaviour of circuits which contain reactance (produced by capacitors or inductors) when we apply a.c. signals. 2) It gives us a new way to think about oscillations. This is useful when we want to apply concepts like the conservation of energy to understanding the behaviour of systems which range from simple a mechanical pendulums to a quartz-crystal oscillator. Applications in Fluid Dynamics In fluid dynamics, complex functions are used to describe potential flow in two dimensions. Fractals. Certain fractals are plotted in the complex plane, e.g. the Mandelbrot set Fluid Dynamics and its sub disciplines aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and hydraulics have a wide range of applications. For example, they are used in calculating forces and moments on aircraft, the mass flow of petroleum through pipelines, and prediction of weather patterns. The concept of a fluid is surprisingly general. For example, some of the basic mathematical concepts in traffic engineering are derived from considering traffic as a continuous fluids. Relativity In special and general relativity, some formulas for the metric on spacetime become simpler if one takes the time variable to be imaginary. (This is no longer standard in classical relativity, but is used in an essential way in quantum field theory.) Complex numbers are essential to spinors, which are a generalization of the tensors used in relativity. Applied mathematics In differential equations, it is common to first find all complex roots r of the characteristic equation of a linear differential equation and then attempt to solve the system in terms of base functions of the form f(t) = ert. In Electromagnetism: Instead of taking electrical and magnetic part as a two different real numbers, we can represent it as in one complex number IN Civil and Mechanical Engineering: The concept of complex geometry and Argand plane is very much useful in constructing buildings and cars. This concept is used in 2-D designing of buildings and cars. It is also very useful in cutting of tools. Another possibility to use complex numbers in simple mechanics might be to use them to represent rotations.